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最大地動加速度推定器

Estimate Peak Ground Acceleration at your location for a given earthquake scenario.

Calculation

最大地表加速度(PGA)とは?

最大地表加速度(PGA)は地震時に地表面で経験される最大加速度で、重力加速度(g = 9.81 m/s²)の割合として測定されます。建物やインフラが耐えなければならない力に直接関係するため、地震工学において最も重要なパラメータの一つです。PGA 0.1gは地面が重力の10%で加速したことを意味し、強く感じられ軽微な被害をもたらすのに十分です。0.5gでは加速度は重力の半分で、適切に設計された建物にも構造被害が生じる可能性があります。記録上最大のPGAは2011年の東北地方太平洋沖地震時の2.7gでした。

地震動予測式(GMPE、減衰関係式とも呼ばれる)は、地震のマグニチュード、断層からの距離、深さ、サイト条件に基づいてPGAを推定する経験的モデルです。このツールは教育目的の推定を提供するために簡略化されたGMPEを使用しています。専門的な地震ハザード解析では、複数のGMPEを使用し、ロジックツリーを通じて不確実性を考慮します。サイト条件は大きく影響します。軟弱地盤は岩盤と比較してPGAを2〜3倍に増幅する可能性があり、この現象はASCE 7やユーロコード8などの建築基準で定義されるサイト増幅係数で捉えられています。

PGAと構造設計

  • 建築基準は設計基準PGA値を規定しています:構造物は崩壊なしに一定レベルの地表加速度に耐えなければなりません。高い地震帯では通常0.3〜0.4gです。
  • PGAだけでは地震動の深刻さを完全に記述できません。継続時間と周波数成分も重要です。短時間の高PGAパルスは、長時間の中程度の揺れよりも被害が少ない場合があります。
  • サイト分類(ASCE 7のAからF)は設計スペクトルに影響します:軟弱地盤サイト(クラスD/E)は増幅効果のためにより高い設計力が必要です。
  • USGSやGSHAPが作成したような地震ハザードマップは、50年間で10%の超過確率のPGA値を示しています。これは建築基準の標準的な参照値です。

主な用途

  • 想定地震シナリオにおける特定の場所での地震動レベルの推定。
  • 距離と地盤条件が地表加速度にどのように影響するかの理解。
  • 推定PGAを建築基準の要件と比較して潜在的な被害を評価すること。
  • 地震減衰とサイト増幅効果の教育的デモンストレーション。

How to Use

  1. 1
    Define the Earthquake Scenario

    Enter the earthquake magnitude (Mw), epicenter coordinates, and focal depth. For site-specific design purposes, you may also use a return period (e.g., 475-year) to retrieve the probabilistic PGA from the USGS seismic hazard map.

  2. 2
    Specify Your Site Location and Soil Class

    Enter your coordinates and select your site soil class (A through F per ASCE 7 / Eurocode 8). Site class D (stiff soil, Vs30 = 180–360 m/s) is the reference class; softer soils amplify PGA, harder rock reduces it.

  3. 3
    Review the PGA Estimate and Design Implications

    Read your estimated PGA in g-units and its corresponding approximate MMI intensity. The tool notes the relevant building code seismic design category (SDC) for US locations and the equivalent Eurocode 8 PGA design value.

About

Peak Ground Acceleration emerged as the primary seismic engineering parameter in the 1950s–60s when strong-motion accelerographs first became widely deployed following the 1940 El Centro earthquake (which produced the first complete accelerogram used in engineering, with PGA = 0.33g). PGA's appeal lies in its direct measurement from instruments, its physical intuition (how hard the ground shakes), and its correlation with observations from historical earthquakes. The USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps, first produced in the 1970s and updated through PSHA methodology, express seismic hazard primarily as PGA at specific probability levels.

However, PGA has known limitations as a sole damage predictor. It reflects high-frequency energy that governs rigid structural response but may not capture the damage potential for taller, more flexible structures sensitive to long-period energy. The 1985 Mexico City earthquake illustrated this dramatically: soft sediment resonance amplified long-period (2 second) waves while PGA on those same sediments was not extreme, yet mid-rise (8–15 story) buildings resonating at the site's natural period collapsed while shorter and taller buildings survived. This observation drove the adoption of design response spectra and, more recently, spectral acceleration at specific periods (Sa(1.0s), Sa(0.2s)) as primary design parameters in modern codes.

The emergence of broadband seismic networks and dense strong-motion arrays has dramatically expanded the observational database underpinning PGA prediction models. The Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) project, coordinated by PEER (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center), compiled an international database of over 21,000 ground motion records from 600+ earthquakes to develop the NGA-West2 model suite—five independent GMPEs now used as the foundation of USGS hazard maps and incorporated into building codes in the US and internationally. These models explicitly account for magnitude, distance, depth, style of faulting, hanging wall effects, basin depth, and Vs30, providing PGA predictions with quantified uncertainty at any site worldwide.

FAQ

最大地動加速度(PGA)とは何ですか?
Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) is the maximum acceleration experienced by the ground surface during an earthquake, measured in units of gravitational acceleration (g, approximately 9.81 m/s²) or as a percentage of g (%g). PGA is the most widely used parameter for characterizing seismic hazard in building codes because it correlates reasonably well with damage to short-period structures such as low-rise buildings. A PGA of 0.05g is typically the threshold for human perception; 0.1g can cause non-structural damage; 0.3g represents severe shaking that damages poorly designed structures; and PGA values exceeding 1.0g have been recorded near fault ruptures (1.8g was recorded in the 1994 Northridge earthquake). PGA is measured by accelerographs (strong motion seismometers) rather than standard seismographs.
How does PGA relate to structural damage?
PGA is most relevant for predicting damage to stiff, low-period structures. For flexible structures (tall buildings, bridges) with natural periods greater than 0.5–1.0 seconds, spectral acceleration at the structure's period is a more accurate damage predictor than PGA. This is why modern building codes use design response spectra rather than PGA alone: the spectrum describes the maximum acceleration experienced by oscillators of different natural periods during the earthquake, capturing the full range of structural response. PGA corresponds approximately to the spectral acceleration at zero period (a completely rigid structure). The correlation between PGA and Modified Mercalli Intensity is approximate: MMI VI ≈ 0.06–0.10g PGA; MMI VII ≈ 0.10–0.18g; MMI VIII ≈ 0.18–0.34g.
What is Vs30 and why does it matter for PGA?
Vs30 is the time-averaged shear-wave velocity of the top 30 meters of soil, calculated as 30 meters divided by the summed travel time of shear waves through each layer. It is the internationally standardized proxy for site characterization in seismic hazard analysis and building codes (ASCE 7, Eurocode 8, Japanese seismic code). Higher Vs30 indicates stiffer, harder ground that amplifies shaking less. ASCE 7 site classes range from A (hard rock, Vs30 > 1,500 m/s) through F (potentially liquefiable soils). A change from rock (Site Class B, Vs30 ~760 m/s) to soft soil (Site Class E, Vs30 < 180 m/s) can amplify PGA by a factor of 3–5 at low spectral periods, with even larger amplification at mid-periods (0.1–0.5 s) relevant to 2–5 story buildings.
What is the difference between PGA, PGV, and PGD?
PGA (Peak Ground Acceleration), PGV (Peak Ground Velocity), and PGD (Peak Ground Displacement) are the three fundamental ground motion intensity measures derived from accelerograph recordings. PGA is the maximum of the acceleration time history and governs response of stiff, low-period structures. PGV—obtained by integrating the acceleration record—correlates best with damage to medium-period structures (0.5–2.0 s) such as mid-rise buildings and bridges, and is considered by many researchers to be the best single predictor of overall structural damage. PGD—the double integral of acceleration—governs response of long-period structures, buried pipelines, and dams, where absolute displacement matters. Modern ground motion attenuation models (Next Generation Attenuation, NGA-West2) simultaneously predict PGA, PGV, and spectral accelerations.
How do engineers use PGA in building design?
Engineers use probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) to determine design PGA values at specified return periods. The ASCE 7-22 standard uses Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCER) maps, which represent ground motions with a 1% probability of collapse in 50 years for a code-conforming building (approximately a 5,000-year return period). The design-level ground motion is two-thirds of MCER. Site-specific hazard analysis, required for critical or large structures, integrates contributions from all potential earthquake sources (faults and distributed seismicity) to produce a hazard curve—the annual probability of exceeding different PGA levels. The design spectrum is then constructed from uniform hazard spectra, and dynamic analysis of the structural model under ground motions scaled to the design spectrum is used to verify code compliance.