古地震学
定义
通过地质证据（如断层沟槽、隆起的阶地和海啸沉积物）研究史前地震的科学。将地震记录向后延伸数千年。
示例
古地震学研究表明卡斯卡迪亚俯冲带最后一次断裂是在1700年1月26日。
相关术语
相关指南
地震频率:多久发生一次?
About 500,000 earthquakes occur yearly, but only 100 cause damage. Learn the frequency-magnitude relationship and why big quakes are rare.
按州分类的地震保险:美国比较
Earthquake insurance availability and cost varies dramatically by US state. Compare rates and coverage options across high-risk and low-risk areas.
地震保险成本:影响保费的因素
Earthquake insurance premiums range from $100 to $5,000+ annually. Learn what factors determine your cost and how to lower your premium.
地震变得更频繁吗?
It seems like earthquakes are increasing, but improved detection explains the trend. Learn what the data actually shows about earthquake frequency.
加州的大地震:区分事实与虚构
California's Big One is real science, not science fiction. Learn what seismologists actually predict and how California is preparing.
地震只发生在断层线上吗?
While most earthquakes occur along faults, intraplate earthquakes can strike far from plate boundaries. Learn where unexpected earthquakes happen.
加州的地震环境:圣安德烈亚斯断层上的生活
California sits on the San Andreas Fault, one of the world's most studied. Learn about the Big One risk, ShakeAlert, and how Californians prepare.
新西兰阿尔卑斯断层:大地震在即
New Zealand's Alpine Fault has a 75% chance of rupturing within 50 years. Learn about this locked fault and its potential M8+ earthquake.
尼泊尔和喜马拉雅碰撞带
The India-Eurasia collision builds the Himalayas and creates major earthquake risk for Nepal, Bangladesh, and northern India.
菲律宾:台风和地震
The Philippines faces compound earthquake and typhoon risks on the Ring of Fire. Learn about its subduction zones and multi-hazard challenges.
相关案例研究
1868年阿里卡地震:跨越太平洋的海啸的M9.0巨型逆冲断层
One of the most powerful earthquakes before the instrumental era, whose Pacific-wide tsunami carried warships half a kilometer inland and provided crucial calibration data for modern megathrust hazard models.
1556年陕西地震:人类历史上最严重的地震(830,000人死亡)
The deadliest earthquake in human history, killing 830,000 people -- primarily because the population lived in cave dwellings carved into loess cliffs that collapsed en masse during the shaking.
常见问题解答
震中是地表上位于震源（地震破裂开始处）正上方的点。通常以经纬度坐标报告。最强的震动通常发生在震中附近，但当地土壤条件和断层几何形态可能使最大损害区域发生偏移。
地震仪（地震计）是检测和记录地震波引起的地面运动的仪器。现代宽频带地震仪可以检测到比原子宽度还小的运动。全球地震仪网络使科学家能够在几分钟内确定地震的位置和震级。
P波（纵波）是通过岩石传播最快的压缩波，最先到达地震台站。S波（横波）到达较晚但引起更大的地面震动。P波可以通过固体、液体和气体传播；S波只能通过固体传播。两者之间的时间差有助于确定地震的距离。
震源是地球内部地震破裂开始的点。它由经度、纬度和深度来描述。震源与其正上方地表之间的垂直距离即为地震深度，这对地表感受到的震动强度有很大影响。
地震学是研究地震和地震波在地球内部传播的科学学科。它包括地震检测、定位和特征描述、地球内部结构、地震危险性评估和地震工程。地震学家利用全球地震仪网络的数据来研究这些现象。