GPSと地震: 地盤変動の測定
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GPS stations track millimeter-scale crustal movements revealing how strain builds on faults between earthquakes.
GPS Geodesy and Plate Motion Measurement
Before the Global Positioning System (GPS) was available for scientific geodesy, measuring the slow movement of プレート(テクトニックプレート)移動し、浮遊し、時に破断する地球のリソスフェアの巨大な区画。7つの主要プレートと約8つの小規模プレートがあり、それらの相互作用がほとんどの地震の原因となる。s required decades of precise surveying using optical instruments, with accuracies limited to millimeters at best over short distances. GPS transformed the field. Modern continuous GPS receivers at fixed monuments can measure horizontal positions to sub-millimeter precision and vertical positions to a few millimeters, recording data every second, every day, year after year. By analyzing the accumulated displacement of GPS monuments over years to decades, scientists can directly measure プレート(テクトニックプレート)移動し、浮遊し、時に破断する地球のリソスフェアの巨大な区画。7つの主要プレートと約8つの小規模プレートがあり、それらの相互作用がほとんどの地震の原因となる。 velocities with remarkable accuracy — and detect the subtle deformation that precedes, accompanies, and follows earthquakes.
The GNSS Revolution
While "GPS" remains the common term, modern geodetic networks actually use signals from multiple Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) constellations: US GPS, Russian GLONASS, European Galileo, and Chinese BeiDou. Using multiple constellations improves positioning geometry, accuracy, and reliability. Dense GNSS networks like the Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN), the Pacific Northwest Geodetic Array (PANGA), and Japan's GEONET (over 1,300 stations) provide a continuous, high-resolution picture of surface deformation across entire tectonic regions.
Continuous GPS Networks Along Faults
Continuous GPS networks along active 断層線地表に現れた断層の痕跡で、線状または破砕された岩石の帯として視認できる。地質学者は活断層線を地図化し、周辺地域の地震リスクを評価する。s are among the most powerful tools for understanding where seismic strain is accumulating and how fast. Along the San Andreas 断層岩盤に沿って動きが生じた破断面。断層は数ミリメートルから数千キロメートルまで様々な長さがある。地震を引き起こす主要な断層は活断層と呼ばれる。 system in California, GPS monuments on either side of the fault move apart at rates of 20–35 millimeters per year — directly measuring the すべり速度断層に沿った変位の平均速度で、通常は年間ミリメートル単位で測定される。すべり速度が高いほど、一般に地震発生頻度とリスクが高いことを示す。 of the fault system. Where a fault is locked摩擦によって動きが妨げられ、応力が蓄積している断層区間。固着断層がついに破壊すると、大地震を引き起こすことがある。, the GPS stations on either side of the fault converge (for a compressional fault) or diverge (for an extensional fault) slowly, building up the elastic strain that will eventually be released in an earthquake. Where a fault is creeping, the GPS stations move smoothly and continuously without the build-up of large locked-zone strain.
Interseismic, Coseismic, and Postseismic Deformation
Geodesists divide the deformation signal around a 断層岩盤に沿って動きが生じた破断面。断層は数ミリメートルから数千キロメートルまで様々な長さがある。地震を引き起こす主要な断層は活断層と呼ばれる。 into three phases. Interseismic deformation is the slow build-up of elastic strain as the locked 断層岩盤に沿って動きが生じた破断面。断層は数ミリメートルから数千キロメートルまで様々な長さがある。地震を引き起こす主要な断層は活断層と呼ばれる。 accumulates stress between earthquakes — GPS stations show steady, gradual motion that reflects both plate motion and the locking of the fault. Coseismic deformation is the sudden displacement that occurs during the earthquake itself — GPS receivers near the fault may jump by meters within seconds, with the displacement direction and pattern directly reflecting the sense of slip on the fault. Postseismic deformation continues for months to years after the earthquake as viscoelastic relaxation in the lower crust and mantle gradually redistributes the earthquake-induced stress, and as afterslip continues on the deeper part of the 断層岩盤に沿って動きが生じた破断面。断層は数ミリメートルから数千キロメートルまで様々な長さがある。地震を引き起こす主要な断層は活断層と呼ばれる。.
Detecting Slow Slip Events
One of the most scientifically significant discoveries of the GPS era in geophysics is the existence of slow slip events (SSEs) — transient episodes of 断層岩盤に沿って動きが生じた破断面。断層は数ミリメートルから数千キロメートルまで様々な長さがある。地震を引き起こす主要な断層は活断層と呼ばれる。 slip that release stress without producing significant seismic shaking. First detected in the late 1990s in the Cascadia Subduction Zone using GPS, SSEs appear as brief (days to weeks) reversals in the normally steady interseismic movement of GPS monuments. The Cascadia events occur at intervals of 12–18 months and release stress equivalent to Mw 6.5–6.8 earthquakes on the deeper portion of the subduction interface, just downdip of the locked megathrust zone摩擦によって動きが妨げられ、応力が蓄積している断層区間。固着断層がついに破壊すると、大地震を引き起こすことがある。. Similar slow slip events have been detected in Japan, New Zealand, and Central America. Understanding the relationship between slow slip on the downdip portion of a 沈み込み帯1枚のプレートがもう1枚のプレートの下にもぐり込み、マントルへと沈み込む領域。沈み込み帯は世界最大級の地震(M8.5以上)を引き起こし、深い海溝や火山弧を伴う。 and the potential for megathrust rupture on the updip locked zone is one of the central research questions in modern earthquake science.
Co-seismic and Post-seismic Deformation
Large earthquakes produce dramatic co-seismic displacements that are precisely measured by GPS測地学全地球測位システムの受信機を用いて、プレートの動きや地殻変動をミリメートル単位の精度で測定する手法。地震と地震の間に断層に歪みがどのように蓄積するかを明らかにする。. The 2011 Tohoku earthquake (Mw 9.0) moved GPS stations on eastern Honshu up to 5.3 meters eastward and 0.5 meters downward — measurements that directly constrained the distribution of slip on the subduction interface and revealed that slip at the trench was much larger than models had anticipated. The 2010 Maule earthquake (Mw 8.8) in Chile moved coastal stations up to 3 meters horizontally. These co-seismic displacement fields, combined with seismic waveform inversion and 干渉SAR(InSAR)地震前後に撮影されたレーダー画像を比較することで、センチメートル単位の精度で地表変動を測定する衛星レーダー技術。断層のすべりパターンを明らかにする。 data, allow the detailed mapping of slip distribution on the fault — which patches slipped most, which remained locked, and what stress changes resulted for surrounding segments.
Afterslip and Viscoelastic Relaxation
In the months and years following a major earthquake, GPS networks detect continued deformation as the crust and mantle adjust to the sudden redistribution of stress. Afterslip — continued fault motion at depths below or adjacent to the main rupture — accounts for some of this post-seismic signal. Viscoelastic relaxation — the slow flow of the ductile lower crust and upper mantle in response to the earthquake-induced stress change — accounts for the rest. Distinguishing these two mechanisms from GPS time series requires sophisticated modeling that incorporates the rheological properties of the crust and mantle. Understanding post-seismic deformation is important for assessing how the stress on neighboring 断層岩盤に沿って動きが生じた破断面。断層は数ミリメートルから数千キロメートルまで様々な長さがある。地震を引き起こす主要な断層は活断層と呼ばれる。 segments has changed following a major earthquake, directly informing クーロン応力伝達地震が周辺の断層の応力状態を変化させ、将来の地震を誘発または遅延させうる過程。どの断層が破壊に近づいたかを予測するために用いられる。 transfer calculations.
GPS in Earthquake Early Warning
The same GPS networks that measure long-term tectonic deformation can contribute to 緊急地震速報(EEW)地震を検知し、強い揺れが到達する前に人々やシステムに警報を送るシステム。数秒から数十秒の猶予を提供し、身を守る行動をとるのに十分な時間となる。 systems for large earthquakes. Traditional seismic 緊急地震速報(EEW)地震を検知し、強い揺れが到達する前に人々やシステムに警報を送るシステム。数秒から数十秒の猶予を提供し、身を守る行動をとるのに十分な時間となる。 relies on P-wave岩盤中も液体中も伝わる、秒速5〜8kmの最も速い地震波。P波はスリンキーのように進行方向に対して物質を圧縮・伸長させながら伝わり、地震観測点に最初に到達する。 detection, which suffers from magnitude saturation for the very largest events — the earthquakes most important to warn about. High-rate GPS (1–10 samples per second) can detect the large static displacements of major earthquakes within seconds of rupture initiation, providing magnitude estimates that do not saturate at high magnitudes. This GPS-based magnitude estimation is particularly important for 沈み込み帯1枚のプレートがもう1枚のプレートの下にもぐり込み、マントルへと沈み込む領域。沈み込み帯は世界最大級の地震(M8.5以上)を引き起こし、深い海溝や火山弧を伴う。 megathrust earthquakes like the 2011 Tohoku event, where early seismic estimates were significantly too low. Integration of high-rate GPS測地学全地球測位システムの受信機を用いて、プレートの動きや地殻変動をミリメートル単位の精度で測定する手法。地震と地震の間に断層に歪みがどのように蓄積するかを明らかにする。 data into real-time earthquake monitoring and 地震警報システム1991年から運用されている、世界初の公共向け緊急地震速報システムの一つであるメキシコのSASMEX。沿岸部の地震から、メキシコシティに最大60秒の警報時間を提供する。 pipelines is an active area of development at geodetic and seismological agencies worldwide.
Strain Budgets and Seismic Hazard Implications
GPS geodesy has enabled the computation of geodetic strain budgets — quantitative estimates of how fast strain is accumulating on specific faults compared to how fast it is being released through seismic slip. On the Himalayan frontal thrust, GPS measurements show the Indian subcontinent converging with Asia at roughly 20 mm/yr, yet the rate of strain release in large earthquakes falls far short of the geodetically measured convergence rate, implying a large ongoing deficit. These strain budget analyses directly feed into probabilistic seismic hazard assessments by providing independent constraints on long-term fault slip rates, complementing the geological 古地震学断層トレンチ、隆起した段丘、津波堆積物といった地質学的証拠を通じて、先史時代の地震を研究する学問。地震の記録を数千年前まで遡らせる。 evidence from trenching studies and 断層崖地震時の断層に沿った垂直方向の変位によって形成される崖や急斜面。断層崖は高さ数メートルに達することがあり、過去の地震活動を示す目に見える証拠となる。 mapping. Where geodetically measured strain rates are high and earthquake recurrence intervals特定の断層における大地震と大地震の間の平均時間。古地震学や歴史記録から推定される。カスケード沈み込み帯の再来間隔は約500年である。 are long, the 地震空白域隣接する区間と比較して、長期間にわたり地震が発生していない活断層の区間。地震空白域は、将来の地震発生確率が高いことを示唆する場合がある。 concept can be applied to identify segments most likely to host future large earthquakes.