诱发地震
定义
由人类活动(如水力压裂、废水注入、采矿或水库蓄水)引发的地震。大多数为小震(M<4),但有些超过了M5.5。
示例
由于废水注入,俄克拉荷马州的M3+地震从2008年的每年2次增加到2015年的903次。
相关指南
地震是什么?完整入门指南
Learn what causes earthquakes, how they occur along fault lines, and why some regions experience more seismic activity than others.
地震群:小地震不停止时
Earthquake swarms produce hundreds of small tremors without a clear mainshock. Learn what causes them and whether they signal bigger events.
地震天气:为什么是迷思
There is no such thing as earthquake weather. Learn why this persistent myth has no scientific basis and what actually triggers earthquakes.
小地震能防止大地震吗?
Small earthquakes do not release enough energy to prevent large ones. Learn the math behind why this popular belief is wrong.
地震变得更频繁吗?
It seems like earthquakes are increasing, but improved detection explains the trend. Learn what the data actually shows about earthquake frequency.
有些国家对地震免疫吗?
No country is completely immune to earthquakes. Learn why even stable continental regions can experience unexpected seismic events.
核试验能引发地震吗?
Nuclear tests produce seismic waves but don't trigger natural earthquakes. Learn how seismologists distinguish explosions from earthquakes.
走滑断层:板块横向滑动时
Transform faults like the San Andreas produce major earthquakes. Learn how horizontal plate motion creates destructive seismicity.
古登堡-里希特法则:频率-震级关系
For every M7, there are ten M6s and a hundred M5s. Learn the foundational statistical law governing earthquake occurrence.
概率地震危害分析(PSHA)工具
PSHA tools calculate earthquake probabilities for any location. Learn how hazard maps are made and what they mean for your area.
常见问题解答
震中是地表上位于震源(地震破裂开始处)正上方的点。通常以经纬度坐标报告。最强的震动通常发生在震中附近,但当地土壤条件和断层几何形态可能使最大损害区域发生偏移。
地震仪(地震计)是检测和记录地震波引起的地面运动的仪器。现代宽频带地震仪可以检测到比原子宽度还小的运动。全球地震仪网络使科学家能够在几分钟内确定地震的位置和震级。
P波(纵波)是通过岩石传播最快的压缩波,最先到达地震台站。S波(横波)到达较晚但引起更大的地面震动。P波可以通过固体、液体和气体传播;S波只能通过固体传播。两者之间的时间差有助于确定地震的距离。
震源是地球内部地震破裂开始的点。它由经度、纬度和深度来描述。震源与其正上方地表之间的垂直距离即为地震深度,这对地表感受到的震动强度有很大影响。
地震学是研究地震和地震波在地球内部传播的科学学科。它包括地震检测、定位和特征描述、地球内部结构、地震危险性评估和地震工程。地震学家利用全球地震仪网络的数据来研究这些现象。