地震防设计
定义
设计结构以承受地震力的实践。现代地震防设计旨在防止倒塌和保护生命，同时接受在大地震中的某些结构损伤。
示例
日本的地震防设计规范在2011年M9.1东日本大地震中拯救了无数生命。
相关术语
相关指南
地震持续多长时间?
Most earthquakes last seconds, but great earthquakes can shake for minutes. Learn what determines duration and why it matters for damage.
基础隔震解释:轴承上的建筑
Base isolation decouples buildings from ground shaking using rubber bearings. Learn how this technology protects hospitals, bridges, and homes.
抗震阻尼器:建筑用减震器
Seismic dampers absorb earthquake energy like giant shock absorbers. Learn how viscous, friction, and tuned mass dampers protect skyscrapers.
软层问题:某些建筑物为何坍塌
Soft story buildings with open ground floors are deadly in earthquakes. Learn how to identify them and what retrofitting options exist.
抗震设计原理
Modern earthquake-resistant design uses ductility, redundancy, and energy dissipation. Learn the engineering principles that save lives.
钢铁vs混凝土:地震中哪个更好?
Steel and concrete respond differently to earthquakes. Learn the strengths and weaknesses of each material for seismic-resistant construction.
木框架建筑的抗震能力
Wood frame construction performs well in earthquakes due to flexibility and light weight. Learn why wood is often the safest residential material.
摩天大楼和地震:工程奇迹
Skyscrapers use advanced engineering to withstand earthquakes. Learn how tall buildings resist seismic forces with dampers and flexible design.
桥梁如何抵抗地震
Bridge earthquake engineering prevents catastrophic collapses. Learn about seismic isolation bearings, ductile columns, and retrofit strategies.
大坝安全和地震风险
Dam failures during earthquakes can cause catastrophic flooding. Learn how dams are designed and evaluated for seismic safety.
相关案例研究
2023年土耳其-叙利亚地震:造成59,000人死亡的双重主震
The deadliest earthquake disaster of the 2020s, notable for its unprecedented double mainshock sequence and the subsequent criminal prosecution of contractors for building code violations.
2010年考蒂恩地震:智利的M8.8巨型逆冲断层和备灾的力量
The clearest modern comparison showing that building codes save lives -- a M8.8 earthquake in Chile killed 525 people while a M7.0 in Haiti (35 days earlier) killed 316,000.
1999年集集地震:历史上最佳记录的近断层地震
The best-instrumentally-recorded large earthquake in history, with 441 strong-motion stations capturing near-fault data that fundamentally changed how engineers design buildings close to active faults.
1995年神户地震:改变日本建筑规范的灾难
The earthquake that exposed fatal weaknesses in Japan's pre-1981 building stock, leading to the most sweeping seismic engineering reforms in history and proving that building codes save lives.
1923年关东大地震:火焰摧毁东京的时刻
The earthquake that proved fire -- not shaking -- is the primary killer in dense urban areas, with 38,000 people perishing in a single fire tornado.
常见问题解答
震中是地表上位于震源（地震破裂开始处）正上方的点。通常以经纬度坐标报告。最强的震动通常发生在震中附近，但当地土壤条件和断层几何形态可能使最大损害区域发生偏移。
地震仪（地震计）是检测和记录地震波引起的地面运动的仪器。现代宽频带地震仪可以检测到比原子宽度还小的运动。全球地震仪网络使科学家能够在几分钟内确定地震的位置和震级。
P波（纵波）是通过岩石传播最快的压缩波，最先到达地震台站。S波（横波）到达较晚但引起更大的地面震动。P波可以通过固体、液体和气体传播；S波只能通过固体传播。两者之间的时间差有助于确定地震的距离。
震源是地球内部地震破裂开始的点。它由经度、纬度和深度来描述。震源与其正上方地表之间的垂直距离即为地震深度，这对地表感受到的震动强度有很大影响。
地震学是研究地震和地震波在地球内部传播的科学学科。它包括地震检测、定位和特征描述、地球内部结构、地震危险性评估和地震工程。地震学家利用全球地震仪网络的数据来研究这些现象。