地震仪
定义
一种检测和记录地震波引起的地面运动的仪器。现代数字地震仪可以检测到小于一纳米的运动。
示例
世界上第一台地震仪是公元132年由中国的张衡发明的。
相关术语
相关指南
地震如何测量:震级 vs 烈度
Understand the critical difference between earthquake magnitude (energy released) and intensity (shaking felt), and why both measurements matter.
里氏量表解释:历史、公式和局限性
Discover the history of the Richter scale, how Charles Richter created it in 1935, and why scientists now prefer the moment magnitude scale.
修正梅卡利烈度等级:测量你感受到的
The Modified Mercalli Intensity scale rates earthquake effects from I (not felt) to XII (total destruction). Learn what each level means.
P波和S波:地震波传播方式
Learn how P-waves and S-waves travel through Earth, why P-waves arrive first, and how scientists use them to locate earthquakes.
表面波:勒夫波和瑞利波解释
Surface waves cause the most earthquake damage. Understand how Love waves and Rayleigh waves move and why they're so destructive.
震中(epicenter) vs 震源(hypocenter):有什么区别?
The epicenter is on the surface; the hypocenter is underground. Learn how scientists locate both and why the distinction matters for safety.
2004年印度洋海啸:最致命的波浪
The 2004 M9.1 Sumatra earthquake generated a tsunami that killed 230,000 people across 14 countries. The disaster that changed warning systems.
1906年旧金山地震:现代地震学的诞生
The 1906 M7.9 San Francisco earthquake and fire reshaped a city and launched modern earthquake science. The quake that changed everything.
1964年阿拉斯加地震:大阿拉斯加地震
The 1964 M9.2 Alaska earthquake was the most powerful earthquake in US history. Its lessons shaped modern building codes and tsunami science.
1556年陕西地震:历史上最严重的地震
The 1556 Shaanxi earthquake killed approximately 830,000 people, making it the deadliest earthquake in recorded human history.
相关案例研究
1964年大阿拉斯加地震:有记录以来第二大地震(M9.2)
The second-largest earthquake ever recorded and the event whose geological investigation by George Plafker provided critical field evidence for the then-controversial theory of plate tectonics.
1950年阿萨姆-西藏地震:有记录以来最大的大陆地震(M8.6)
The largest earthquake ever recorded in a purely continental setting, demonstrating that the Himalayan collision zone can produce M8.6+ earthquakes far from any ocean.
1906年旧金山地震:开启现代地震学的灾难
The earthquake that founded modern seismology -- H.F. Reid's analysis of the 1906 rupture produced the elastic rebound theory, the fundamental explanation of why earthquakes occur.
1755年里斯本地震:撼动启蒙运动的灾难
The earthquake that launched both seismology as a science and modern emergency management, while simultaneously triggering a philosophical revolution.
常见问题解答
震中是地表上位于震源（地震破裂开始处）正上方的点。通常以经纬度坐标报告。最强的震动通常发生在震中附近，但当地土壤条件和断层几何形态可能使最大损害区域发生偏移。
地震仪（地震计）是检测和记录地震波引起的地面运动的仪器。现代宽频带地震仪可以检测到比原子宽度还小的运动。全球地震仪网络使科学家能够在几分钟内确定地震的位置和震级。
P波（纵波）是通过岩石传播最快的压缩波，最先到达地震台站。S波（横波）到达较晚但引起更大的地面震动。P波可以通过固体、液体和气体传播；S波只能通过固体传播。两者之间的时间差有助于确定地震的距离。
震源是地球内部地震破裂开始的点。它由经度、纬度和深度来描述。震源与其正上方地表之间的垂直距离即为地震深度，这对地表感受到的震动强度有很大影响。
地震学是研究地震和地震波在地球内部传播的科学学科。它包括地震检测、定位和特征描述、地球内部结构、地震危险性评估和地震工程。地震学家利用全球地震仪网络的数据来研究这些现象。