液化
定义
一种在强烈震动期间，饱和的松散土壤暂时失去强度并表现出液态行为的现象。可导致建筑物下沉、倾斜或塌陷。
示例
2011年克赖斯特彻奇地震中的液化现象导致整个社区下沉。
相关术语
相关指南
地震是什么?完整入门指南
Learn what causes earthquakes, how they occur along fault lines, and why some regions experience more seismic activity than others.
震中(epicenter) vs 震源(hypocenter):有什么区别?
The epicenter is on the surface; the hypocenter is underground. Learn how scientists locate both and why the distinction matters for safety.
大坝安全和地震风险
Dam failures during earthquakes can cause catastrophic flooding. Learn how dams are designed and evaluated for seismic safety.
1906年旧金山地震:现代地震学的诞生
The 1906 M7.9 San Francisco earthquake and fire reshaped a city and launched modern earthquake science. The quake that changed everything.
1964年阿拉斯加地震:大阿拉斯加地震
The 1964 M9.2 Alaska earthquake was the most powerful earthquake in US history. Its lessons shaped modern building codes and tsunami science.
1995年神户地震:唤醒日本的事件
The 1995 M6.9 Kobe earthquake exposed critical flaws in Japan's earthquake preparedness, killing 6,400 and transforming building codes.
1755年里斯本地震:哲学改变的时刻
The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, tsunami, and fire destroyed one of Europe's greatest cities and sparked the Enlightenment debate on natural evil.
1989年洛马普里埃塔地震:世界大赛地震
The 1989 M6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake struck during the World Series, collapsing freeways and exposing soft-story building dangers.
1923年关东大地震:东京的毁灭
The 1923 M7.9 Kanto earthquake destroyed Tokyo and Yokohama, killing over 140,000. The firestorms were deadlier than the shaking itself.
加州地震局(CEA)解释
The CEA is the largest residential earthquake insurance provider in the US. Learn about its policies, deductible options, and retrofit discounts.
相关案例研究
2018年苏拉威西地震:帕卢的走滑海啸和灾难性液化
The earthquake that defied three textbook rules: strike-slip faults generated a destructive tsunami, the rupture propagated at supershear speed, and liquefaction flows traveled 700 meters on nearly flat ground.
2011年东北地震:M9.1巨型逆冲断层如何引发日本的三重灾难
The only earthquake in recorded history to trigger a simultaneous earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear disaster, fundamentally changing how nations assess cascading risk.
2011年基督城地震:6.2级余震如何摧毁市中心
One of the few cases where an aftershock was more devastating than its mainshock, with a M6.2 at just 5 km depth producing 2.2g ground acceleration that obliterated Christchurch's city center.
2010年海地地震:7.0级地震如何造成316,000人死亡
The deadliest earthquake relative to magnitude in modern history, demonstrating that building quality and governance -- not earthquake size -- determine whether people live or die.
1989年洛马普里埃塔地震:唤醒加州的世界大赛地震
America's first live-televised earthquake, broadcast to 62 million World Series viewers, whose Cypress Freeway collapse catalyzed California's seismic retrofit program for elevated highways.
常见问题解答
震中是地表上位于震源（地震破裂开始处）正上方的点。通常以经纬度坐标报告。最强的震动通常发生在震中附近，但当地土壤条件和断层几何形态可能使最大损害区域发生偏移。
地震仪（地震计）是检测和记录地震波引起的地面运动的仪器。现代宽频带地震仪可以检测到比原子宽度还小的运动。全球地震仪网络使科学家能够在几分钟内确定地震的位置和震级。
P波（纵波）是通过岩石传播最快的压缩波，最先到达地震台站。S波（横波）到达较晚但引起更大的地面震动。P波可以通过固体、液体和气体传播；S波只能通过固体传播。两者之间的时间差有助于确定地震的距离。
震源是地球内部地震破裂开始的点。它由经度、纬度和深度来描述。震源与其正上方地表之间的垂直距离即为地震深度，这对地表感受到的震动强度有很大影响。
地震学是研究地震和地震波在地球内部传播的科学学科。它包括地震检测、定位和特征描述、地球内部结构、地震危险性评估和地震工程。地震学家利用全球地震仪网络的数据来研究这些现象。