地震次生灾害
定义
由地震摇晃而非摇晃本身引发的灾害，包括海啸、滑坡、液化、火灾、大坝溃决和化学物质泄漏。往往造成的损害比摇晃本身更大。
示例
1906年旧金山地震后的火灾摧毁的建筑比地震摇晃本身更多。
相关术语
相关指南
地震是什么?完整入门指南
Learn what causes earthquakes, how they occur along fault lines, and why some regions experience more seismic activity than others.
大坝安全和地震风险
Dam failures during earthquakes can cause catastrophic flooding. Learn how dams are designed and evaluated for seismic safety.
2011年东北地震和海啸:完整分析
The 2011 M9.1 Tohoku earthquake triggered a devastating tsunami and nuclear disaster. A comprehensive analysis of one of history's worst earthquakes.
2010年海地地震:灾难和救援
The 2010 M7.0 Haiti earthquake killed over 200,000 people. Learn why the devastation was so extreme and the lessons for earthquake preparedness.
1906年旧金山地震:现代地震学的诞生
The 1906 M7.9 San Francisco earthquake and fire reshaped a city and launched modern earthquake science. The quake that changed everything.
1556年陕西地震:历史上最严重的地震
The 1556 Shaanxi earthquake killed approximately 830,000 people, making it the deadliest earthquake in recorded human history.
1755年里斯本地震:哲学改变的时刻
The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, tsunami, and fire destroyed one of Europe's greatest cities and sparked the Enlightenment debate on natural evil.
1923年关东大地震:东京的毁灭
The 1923 M7.9 Kanto earthquake destroyed Tokyo and Yokohama, killing over 140,000. The firestorms were deadlier than the shaking itself.
站在门口:为什么这个建议已过时
Standing in a doorway during an earthquake is outdated advice that can be dangerous. Learn why Drop, Cover, Hold On is safer.
使你的家抗震:逐房间指南
Protect your home from earthquake damage with this room-by-room guide to securing furniture, appliances, and structural weak points.
相关案例研究
2018年苏拉威西地震:帕卢的走滑海啸和灾难性液化
The earthquake that defied three textbook rules: strike-slip faults generated a destructive tsunami, the rupture propagated at supershear speed, and liquefaction flows traveled 700 meters on nearly flat ground.
2008年四川地震:龙门山断层沿线87,000人死亡
The earthquake that forced China to confront endemic building code violations after thousands of 'tofu-dreg' school buildings collapsed while adjacent government structures survived, killing over 5,000 children.
1995年神户地震:改变日本建筑规范的灾难
The earthquake that exposed fatal weaknesses in Japan's pre-1981 building stock, leading to the most sweeping seismic engineering reforms in history and proving that building codes save lives.
1970年安卡什地震:南美历史上最严重的地震
The deadliest earthquake in South American history, where a 50-million-cubic-meter avalanche from Mount Huascaran traveled at 300 km/h to bury the town of Yungay, killing 92% of its population.
1923年关东大地震:火焰摧毁东京的时刻
The earthquake that proved fire -- not shaking -- is the primary killer in dense urban areas, with 38,000 people perishing in a single fire tornado.
常见问题解答
震中是地表上位于震源（地震破裂开始处）正上方的点。通常以经纬度坐标报告。最强的震动通常发生在震中附近，但当地土壤条件和断层几何形态可能使最大损害区域发生偏移。
地震仪（地震计）是检测和记录地震波引起的地面运动的仪器。现代宽频带地震仪可以检测到比原子宽度还小的运动。全球地震仪网络使科学家能够在几分钟内确定地震的位置和震级。
P波（纵波）是通过岩石传播最快的压缩波，最先到达地震台站。S波（横波）到达较晚但引起更大的地面震动。P波可以通过固体、液体和气体传播；S波只能通过固体传播。两者之间的时间差有助于确定地震的距离。
震源是地球内部地震破裂开始的点。它由经度、纬度和深度来描述。震源与其正上方地表之间的垂直距离即为地震深度，这对地表感受到的震动强度有很大影响。
地震学是研究地震和地震波在地球内部传播的科学学科。它包括地震检测、定位和特征描述、地球内部结构、地震危险性评估和地震工程。地震学家利用全球地震仪网络的数据来研究这些现象。