地震矩
定义
衡量地震释放总能量的指标，计算方法为断层面积、平均位移量和岩石剪切模量的乘积。是矩震级的计算基础。
示例
2004年印度洋地震的地震矩为4.0 × 10²² N·m。
相关术语
相关指南
理解矩震级标度
The moment magnitude scale (Mw) is the modern gold standard for measuring earthquakes. Learn how it works and why it replaced the Richter scale.
地震的能量:TNT、原子弹及以上
A magnitude 9 earthquake releases energy equal to 25,000 nuclear bombs. Explore the staggering energy scale of earthquakes with real comparisons.
1960年智利大地震:有记录以来最大的地震
At M9.5, the 1960 Chile earthquake remains the most powerful ever recorded. Its tsunami crossed the Pacific Ocean and reached Japan.
地震变得越来越强是真的吗?
Earthquakes are not getting stronger. Learn why it might seem that way and what the historical record reveals about earthquake magnitude trends.
全球地震计网络解释
150+ stations monitor every earthquake on Earth. Learn how the GSN works and why it's essential for global seismic safety.
地震震级计算器:如何工作
Earthquake magnitude calculators convert between scales and compute energy. Learn how they work and what the numbers really mean.
海啸预警系统:从海洋传感器到你的手机
Tsunami warning systems use ocean floor sensors and satellite communication to alert coastal populations. Learn how the global warning network operates.
相关案例研究
2010年考蒂恩地震:智利的M8.8巨型逆冲断层和备灾的力量
The clearest modern comparison showing that building codes save lives -- a M8.8 earthquake in Chile killed 525 people while a M7.0 in Haiti (35 days earlier) killed 316,000.
2004年印度洋海啸:21世纪最严重的地震灾难
The deadliest tsunami in modern history, killing 227,898 people across 14 countries, whose aftermath created the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System and transformed global disaster preparedness.
1964年大阿拉斯加地震:有记录以来第二大地震(M9.2)
The second-largest earthquake ever recorded and the event whose geological investigation by George Plafker provided critical field evidence for the then-controversial theory of plate tectonics.
1960年瓦尔迪维亚地震:有记录以来最强大的地震(M9.5)
The most powerful earthquake ever instrumentally recorded, releasing energy equivalent to 25% of all global seismic energy over a century and generating a tsunami that crossed the entire Pacific Ocean.
1950年阿萨姆-西藏地震:有记录以来最大的大陆地震(M8.6)
The largest earthquake ever recorded in a purely continental setting, demonstrating that the Himalayan collision zone can produce M8.6+ earthquakes far from any ocean.
常见问题解答
震中是地表上位于震源（地震破裂开始处）正上方的点。通常以经纬度坐标报告。最强的震动通常发生在震中附近，但当地土壤条件和断层几何形态可能使最大损害区域发生偏移。
地震仪（地震计）是检测和记录地震波引起的地面运动的仪器。现代宽频带地震仪可以检测到比原子宽度还小的运动。全球地震仪网络使科学家能够在几分钟内确定地震的位置和震级。
P波（纵波）是通过岩石传播最快的压缩波，最先到达地震台站。S波（横波）到达较晚但引起更大的地面震动。P波可以通过固体、液体和气体传播；S波只能通过固体传播。两者之间的时间差有助于确定地震的距离。
震源是地球内部地震破裂开始的点。它由经度、纬度和深度来描述。震源与其正上方地表之间的垂直距离即为地震深度，这对地表感受到的震动强度有很大影响。
地震学是研究地震和地震波在地球内部传播的科学学科。它包括地震检测、定位和特征描述、地球内部结构、地震危险性评估和地震工程。地震学家利用全球地震仪网络的数据来研究这些现象。