Поиск исторических землетрясений

Search and filter the historical earthquake database by country, magnitude, year, and impact.

Analysis

Исследование исторических записей о землетрясениях

Исторические записи о землетрясениях охватывают более 4 000 лет, причём самые ранние задокументированные события относятся приблизительно к 2150 году до н. э. в Китае. Эта база данных основана на базе значимых землетрясений Национальных центров экологической информации NOAA (NCEI), которая каталогизирует более 5 700 землетрясений, вызвавших гибель людей, значительный ущерб или имевших магнитуду 7,5 и выше. Инструментальная эра сейсмологии началась лишь в конце 1800-х годов, поэтому более ранние записи основаны на письменных источниках, геологических данных и археологических находках.

Изучение исторических землетрясений выявляет важные закономерности. Глобальные записи показывают, что одни и те же разломные системы порождают повторные крупные землетрясения, часто с интервалом повторяемости от десятилетий до столетий. Каскадная зона субдукции, например, в последний раз разорвалась при событии M9.0 в 1700 году и порождает такие события примерно каждые 200–500 лет. Исторический анализ также демонстрирует, что жертвы землетрясений определяются больше уязвимостью зданий и плотностью населения, чем одной лишь магнитудой — землетрясение на Гаити 2010 года (M7.0) унесло жизни более 200 000 человек, тогда как более мощное землетрясение в Чили 2010 года (M8.8) — 525 человек, во многом благодаря превосходным строительным нормам Чили.

Ключевые выводы из исторических данных

Самое смертоносное землетрясение в истории — Шэньсийское землетрясение 1556 года в Китае (оценочная магнитуда M8.0–8.3), унёсшее жизни примерно 830 000 человек — большинство из них жили в пещерных жилищах яодун, вырубленных в лёссовых обрывах, которые обрушились.
Цунами, вызванные подводными землетрясениями, исторически были причиной большинства жертв при крупных землетрясениях вблизи океана, как при событии в Индийском океане 2004 года (M9.1, ~230 000 погибших).
Каталоги землетрясений становятся всё более полными со временем: записи до 1900 года представлены преимущественно очень крупными или особо разрушительными событиями, тогда как инструментальная эра фиксирует всё более слабые землетрясения.
Сейсмические бреши — участки разломов, не разрушавшиеся необычно долгое время — являются зонами повышенного внимания, поскольку накопленное напряжение рано или поздно должно высвободиться.

Типичное применение

Исследование сейсмической истории конкретной страны или региона в академических, журналистских или политических целях.
Выявление закономерностей повторяемости землетрясений для понимания долгосрочного сейсмического риска.
Поиск исторических цунамигенных землетрясений для оценки прибрежной опасности.
Сравнение данных о жертвах различных событий для изучения влияния строительных норм и подготовки на последствия.

How to Use

1
Set Your Search Filters
Filter the USGS and ISC historical catalog by region (country, bounding box, or fault system), magnitude range (Mw ≥ 4.0 for complete global coverage post-1976), date range, and depth. The USGS catalog extends to 1900 for events Mw ≥ 6.0.
2
Sort and Explore Results
Sort results by magnitude, date, depth, or fatalities. Click any event to access the full USGS event page with focal mechanism, ShakeMap, PAGER loss estimates, and Did You Feel It reports if available.
3
Export for Analysis
Export filtered results as CSV or GeoJSON for use in mapping tools or statistical analysis. Note that catalog completeness varies by region and time period—pre-1960 catalogs are substantially incomplete below M6.5 in many regions.

About

Historical earthquake catalogs are the foundational datasets of earthquake science, encoding the accumulated seismic history of a region across centuries of observations. The USGS Earthquake Hazards Program catalog, the ISC Bulletin, and regional catalogs such as the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) catalog are continuously updated as new events occur and historical events are re-analyzed with modern methods. Catalog completeness—the minimum magnitude above which all earthquakes in a region are reliably recorded—is the key limitation for time-series analysis; completeness typically increases (improves) over time with denser networks and is spatially variable, being highest in Japan, California, and parts of Europe.

The shift from analog to digital seismograph networks beginning in the 1970s–80s dramatically improved both completeness and parameter accuracy. Modern moment tensor catalogs (Harvard CMT, GCMT, USGS W-phase CMT) provide standardized source mechanism solutions for all M ≥ 5.5 events since 1976, enabling global analyses of focal mechanism populations, stress field orientations, and tectonic regime classification. The IRIS SYNGINE and IRIS DMC provide open access to seismic waveform archives, enabling retrospective analysis of historical events with contemporary methods.

Open data policies have transformed earthquake science's ability to mine historical records. The USGS ComCat (Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog) provides API access to over 3 million events with searchable parameters; the ISC catalog contains 10+ million events since 1900. Machine learning approaches applied to these large catalogs are identifying previously undetected seismicity patterns, precisely relocating historical events using modern velocity models, and extracting fault geometry from waveform similarity clustering. The emerging field of earthquake forensics combines these catalog analyses with paleoseismic field observations, InSAR surface deformation records, and geodetic strain rate models to produce increasingly comprehensive seismic source models for hazard assessment.

FAQ

How far back does the historical earthquake record go?

The instrumental seismic record begins in 1900, following the development of the Wiechert and Milne seismographs. However, historical documentary records of earthquakes in densely populated regions extend much further: Chinese records document earthquakes to approximately 700 BCE; Middle Eastern records to around 2000 BCE; and European records to classical antiquity. Japan's catalog contains documented events back to the 7th century CE. These historical records allow paleoseismologists to estimate recurrence intervals for major fault systems, though magnitude estimates from pre-instrumental records carry large uncertainties (±0.5 magnitude units). The International Seismological Centre (ISC) bulletin, the most comprehensive global catalog, provides systematic coverage from 1900 with completeness above M7.0 and from approximately 1960 with completeness above M5.0 globally.

Which country has the most earthquakes?

Japan experiences the world's highest earthquake frequency among populated nations, recording roughly 1,500 earthquakes per year detectable by standard seismographs (and far more by Japan's ultra-dense Hi-net network). Indonesia, China, Iran, Turkey, and the United States (particularly Alaska and California) also rank among the most seismically active countries. By total seismic energy release, the Pacific subduction zones dominate: Chile, Alaska, Japan, and Indonesia collectively account for the majority of global seismic moment release. By impact on population, Turkey, Iran, China, and Italy have historically experienced the most damaging earthquakes relative to their land area and population exposure, due to a combination of high hazard, dense population in hazardous areas, and historically vulnerable building stock.

What was the most damaging earthquake in history?

The 1556 Shaanxi earthquake in China is estimated to have killed approximately 830,000 people—the highest death toll in the historical earthquake record. The catastrophic losses resulted from the earthquake striking a densely populated region where much of the population lived in yaodong, cave dwellings carved into soft loess cliffs that collapsed during the event. The 1976 Tangshan earthquake (China) caused an officially reported 242,419 deaths (other estimates suggest up to 650,000). In the instrumental era, the 2010 Haiti earthquake (M7.0) caused approximately 160,000–316,000 deaths, driven by densely built poor-quality construction on soft sediments near the epicenter. Economic losses are dominated by developed-world events: the 1995 Kobe and 2011 Tohoku earthquakes each caused losses exceeding US$100–200 billion.

How do scientists compile historical earthquake catalogs?

Historical earthquake catalog compilation is a multi-source integration process. Instrumental records from seismograph networks are processed by national and international agencies (USGS, GFZ, ISC, EMSC) and assembled into standardized bulletins with hypocentral parameters and magnitudes. For the pre-instrumental period (pre-1900), catalog compilers systematically search documentary sources: monastery chronicles, government administrative records, newspaper archives, scientific expedition reports, and indigenous oral traditions. Magnitude and location are estimated from isoseismal maps drawn from intensity reports, using regression relations that convert felt-area distributions to Mw equivalents. Paleoseismic data—evidence of fault rupture preserved in trenched sediment exposures—extends the record into prehistory but provides only magnitude bounds and recurrence intervals, not precise dates.

What can historical earthquake data tell us about future seismicity?

Historical earthquake data underlies all probabilistic seismic hazard assessment through several pathways. The observed frequency-magnitude distribution on a fault system constrains the Gutenberg-Richter a and b parameters, quantifying the relative frequency of small versus large events. Recurrence intervals for characteristic earthquakes on specific faults—derived from combining instrumental, historical, and paleoseismic observations—determine the long-term rate of large event production. Fault interaction studies use historical sequences to quantify Coulomb stress transfer between faults: a large earthquake alters stress on neighboring faults, sometimes bringing them closer to failure ('stress loading') and sometimes moving them away ('stress shadowing'). However, these inputs produce probabilistic forecasts with return periods measured in decades to centuries—they do not enable short-term deterministic prediction of specific future events.