逆断层（逆冲断层）
定义
上盘相对于下盘向上运动的断层，由挤压力引起。低角度的逆冲断层是造成最大地震的原因。
示例
2011年东日本M9.1大地震使日本海岸外500公里的逆冲断层发生了破裂。
相关术语
相关指南
1556年陕西地震:历史上最严重的地震
The 1556 Shaanxi earthquake killed approximately 830,000 people, making it the deadliest earthquake in recorded human history.
人类能引发地震吗?诱发地震的真相
Fracking, mining, and reservoir filling can trigger earthquakes. Learn the science of induced seismicity and which human activities pose real risk.
伊朗的地震灾害:碰撞带地震
Iran sits on the collision zone between the Arabian and Eurasian plates, producing frequent destructive earthquakes in vulnerable communities.
俯冲带:地球最强大的地震工厂
Subduction zones produce the world's largest earthquakes including the M9.5 Chile 1960 event. Learn how they work and where they exist.
断层的工作原理:走滑、正断和逆断
Faults are where earthquakes happen. Learn the three main fault types and how each produces different kinds of seismic events.
相关案例研究
2008年四川地震:龙门山断层沿线87,000人死亡
The earthquake that forced China to confront endemic building code violations after thousands of 'tofu-dreg' school buildings collapsed while adjacent government structures survived, killing over 5,000 children.
2005年克什米尔地震:喜马拉雅边境87,000人死亡
The deadliest Himalayan earthquake in modern history, which killed 17,000 students in collapsed schools and demonstrated the extreme difficulty of disaster response in remote mountainous terrain.
1999年集集地震:历史上最佳记录的近断层地震
The best-instrumentally-recorded large earthquake in history, with 441 strong-motion stations capturing near-fault data that fundamentally changed how engineers design buildings close to active faults.
1976年唐山地震:20世纪最严重的地震
The deadliest earthquake of the 20th century, which destroyed 93% of an industrial city in seconds and exposed the limitations of earthquake prediction despite China's success at Haicheng one year earlier.
1948年阿什哈巴特地震:数十年被隐瞒的苏联灾难
The most concealed earthquake disaster in history, where the Soviet government classified the true death toll of 110,000 as a state secret for 40 years.
常见问题解答
震中是地表上位于震源（地震破裂开始处）正上方的点。通常以经纬度坐标报告。最强的震动通常发生在震中附近，但当地土壤条件和断层几何形态可能使最大损害区域发生偏移。
地震仪（地震计）是检测和记录地震波引起的地面运动的仪器。现代宽频带地震仪可以检测到比原子宽度还小的运动。全球地震仪网络使科学家能够在几分钟内确定地震的位置和震级。
P波（纵波）是通过岩石传播最快的压缩波，最先到达地震台站。S波（横波）到达较晚但引起更大的地面震动。P波可以通过固体、液体和气体传播；S波只能通过固体传播。两者之间的时间差有助于确定地震的距离。
震源是地球内部地震破裂开始的点。它由经度、纬度和深度来描述。震源与其正上方地表之间的垂直距离即为地震深度，这对地表感受到的震动强度有很大影响。
地震学是研究地震和地震波在地球内部传播的科学学科。它包括地震检测、定位和特征描述、地球内部结构、地震危险性评估和地震工程。地震学家利用全球地震仪网络的数据来研究这些现象。